58 research outputs found
Enantioselective transformation of fluoxetine in water and its ecotoxicological relevance
European legislation focusing on water quality is expected to broaden to encompass several pharmaceuticals as priority hazardous substances. This manuscript aims to challenge current regulatory approaches that do not recognize stereochemistry of chiral pharmaceuticals by testing the hypothesis that environmental transformation and effects of chiral pharmaceuticals are stereoselective. Our experiments revealed that, while degradation of chiral fluoxetine (FL) in river water occurs via non-enantioselective photochemical and mildly-enantioselective microbial processes favoring the (R)-enantiomer, a pronounced enantioselectivity favoring (S)-FL (leading to the formation of (S)-NFL (norfluoxetine)) is observed during activated sludge treatment. Toxicity tests proved strong enantiomer-specific toxicity in the case of Tetrahymena thermophila, protozoa that are utilized during activated sludge treatment ((R)-FL is 30Ă more toxic than (S)-FL; (S)-NFL is 10Ă more toxic than (S)-FL). This is of paramount importance as preferential degradation of (S)-FL in activated sludge microcosms leads to the enrichment of FL with 30Ă more toxic (R)-FL and formation of 10Ă more toxic (S)-NFL. It is commonly assumed that a decreased concentration of FL leads to decreased biological impact. Our study proves that despite the overall decrease in FL concentration, accumulation of toxic (R)-FL and formation of toxic (S)-NFL leads to much higher than presumed toxicological effects
AnĂĄlisis de aguas residuales con fines epidemiolĂłgicos: aplicaciones a la estimaciĂłn del consumo de sustancias de abuso y en salud pĂșblica en general. Red española ESAR-Net
En este artĂculo se presenta la metodologĂa de anĂĄlisis de aguas residuales con fines epidemiolĂłgicos (wastewater-based epidemiology, WBE) y su potencial para abordar diversos aspectos relacionados con la salud pĂșblica. Esta metodologĂa permite obtener datos a una escala temporal y espacial relativamente pequeña (tĂpicamente datos diarios-semanales sobre un municipio) de hĂĄbitos de consumo de sustancias de abuso, ilegales (como la cocaĂna o el cannabis) o legales (como el alcohol) a travĂ©s de la determinaciĂłn de biomarcadores de consumo (el compuesto original no metabolizado o alguno de sus metabolitos) en el agua residual. Aparte de discutir los fundamentos, ventajas y limitaciones de WBE, se comentan los precedentes mĂĄs relevantes a nivel internacional, y las actividades mĂĄs destacables en España en este ĂĄmbito. Finalmente, se exponen, los objetivos de la Red Española de AnĂĄlisis de Aguas Residuales con Fines EpidemiolĂłgicos (ESAR-Net), una "Red de Excelencia" que agrupa a investigadores españoles con amplia experiencia en el ĂĄrea de WBE, asĂ como las perspectivas de futuro de esta metodologĂa puede tener para mejorar las competencias de la Salud PĂșblica en España
Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-Ï auto-Abs in children
We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4
While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge
of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5â7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8â11 In
the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the worldâs most diverse rainforest and the primary source of
Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13â15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazonâs biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus
crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced
environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian
Amazonia, while identifying the regionâs vulnerability to environmental change. 15%â18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by
2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status,
much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
I Congresso Ibero-Americano de Bibliotecas Escolares
Actas de la primera ediciĂłn del I Congreso Iberoamericano de Bibliotecas Escolares, CIBES 2015, organizado por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (España), la Universidad Estatal Paulista (Brasil) y el Ayuntamiento de Getafe (España). Celebrado: 21 - 23 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Estatal Paulista (MarĂlia) y 26 - 28 de octubre de 2015 en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Getafe)Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (España)Universidad Estatal Paulista (Brasil)Ayuntamiento de Getafe (España)Dimensiones y visiones de la biblioteca escolar en una EducaciĂłn por competencias: la
necesidad de una polĂtica estratĂ©gica / Miguel Ăngel Marzal. -- Getafe ciudad educadora,
lectora y escritora: Bibliotecas escolares / Lourdes Muñoz Santiuste. -- Presente y
futuro: biblioteca escolar-CREA y proyectos interdisciplinares / Rosa PiquĂn. -- Cultura
en informaciĂłn: un reto esencial de la biblioteca escolar / MĂłnica BarĂł. -- Bibliotecas
escolares de Galicia: un mundo de oportunidades a favor de la EducaciĂłn / Cristina Novoa.
-- 10 años de la Red de Bibliotecas Escolares de Extremadura (REBEX) / Casildo MacĂas
Pereira. -- Biblioteca Escolar y uso Ă©tico de la informaciĂłn para una Cultura de Paz / Ana
Barrero TĂscar. -- DinamizaciĂłn de la Biblioteca Escolar Plumita durante el curso escolar
2014/15 / MarĂa Antonia Cano Cañada. -- Experiencia de la creaciĂłn de una biblioteca
escolar / Susana Santos MartĂn. -- Grupo cooperativo Bibliotecas escolares en Red-Albacete
/ José Manuel Garrido Argandoña y Eva Leal Scasso. -- La BCREA "Juan Leiva". El fomento de
la lectura desde la web social / Andrés Pulido Villar. -- Proceso de implantación de una
herramienta de autoevaluaciĂłn en la red de bibliotecas escolares de Extremadura (REBEX) /
Casildo MacĂas Pereira. -- La biblioteca escolar: abriendo fronteras / Lorena VerĂłnica
Cabrera Orellana. -- O programa RBE e a avaliaçao das bibliotecas escolares: melhoria,
desenvolvimiento e innovaçao / Elsa Conde. -- Profesional de BiblioteconomĂa y
DocumentaciĂłn: esencial en la plantilla de la escuela / Pilar del Campo Puerta. -- Una
mirada activa al proceso educativo desde la biblioteca escolar / MarĂa JesĂșs Fontela
FernĂĄndez . -- Con otra mirada "La ilustraciĂłn como vehĂculo de comunicaciĂłn y aprendizaje
en las bibliotecas escolares" / Pablo Jurado SĂĄnchez-GalĂĄn. -- Fingertips. Recriar a
biblioteca escolar na sala de aula / Rui Alfonso Mateus. -- Hablemos de libros. CĂłmo
transformar una clase de literatura en una comunidad de interpretaciĂłn de textos /
Francisco CĂ©sar DĂaz Rey. -- InclusiĂłn social de familias inmigrantes a travĂ©s de un
programa de aprendizaje de la lengua castellana / Ana Carmen Tolino FernĂĄndez-Henarejos.
-- O desenvolvimento de atividades de mediação de leitura em biblioteca escolar: o caso da
biblioteca da Escola Sesc de Ensino MĂ©dio / Vagner Amaro. -- La biblioteca escolar.
Proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de padres a hijos / Ana Carmen Tolino Fernåndez-
Henarejos. -- Leo con y para los demĂĄs / Ismael FernĂĄndez FernĂĄndez, Ana MarĂa Moreno
Vicente y Ana Beatriz Vicente PĂ©rez. -- Nanas y arrullo. PoesĂa a la deriva / Bernardo
Fuentes Navarrete y Carlos GarcĂa-Romeral PĂ©rez. -- GestiĂłn y evaluaciĂłn de servicios
bibliotecarios para personas con dislexia: una biblioteca escolar inclusiva desde una
perspectiva internacional / Carmen Jorge GarcĂa-Reyes. -- Sueños lectores compartidos
hechos realidad: la biblioteca escolar del C.E.I.P-S.E.S-A.A âLA PAZâ de Albacete / Ana
Rosa Cabañero Tobarra, Juan Manuel HerrĂĄez, Eva Leal Scasso, MarĂa MarĂn SĂĄnchez, Ana
BelĂ©n Medrano MartĂnez y MarĂa JosĂ© Nortes RuipĂ©rez. -- El programa biblioteca escuela en
Civican. La literatura como elemento motivador para la alfabetizaciĂłn informacional /
Villar Arellano Yanguas. -- La competencia digital en el diseño curricular: desde la
biblioteca al aula / Felicidad Campal GarcĂa. -- O deselvomimento da pesquisa escolar por
meio da competĂȘncia em informaçao / Luciane de FĂĄtima Cavalcante Beckman y Marta Leandro
da Mata. -- Proyecto escolar de investigación documental "Te pillé leyendo" / José Manuel
Garrido Argandoña. -- Aprender com a Biblioteca Escolar: formar para as literacias / Paula
Correia y Isabel Mendinhos. -- SucediĂł en el siglo XX / MarĂa Antonia Becerra MontalbĂĄn,
Ăngel BernabĂ© Muñoz y SofĂa Vaz Romero. -- El Club de lectura en la nube / BelĂ©n Benito
BlĂĄzquez y Ana OrdĂĄs GarcĂa. -- Promover a leitura e a escrita na era digital:
prĂĄcticas nas bibliotecas escolares / MarĂa Raquel Ramos. -- A biblioteca escolar e o
desafĂo da interculturalidade: o projeto Ser + cidadao / MarĂa da Conceição TomĂ©. --
Cuando la competencia digital encontrĂł a la alfabetizaciĂłn informacional o Mucho ruido y
pocas nueces / Felicidad Campal GarcĂa. -- Hora de ler, un programa para el fomento de la
lectura en contexto educativo / Cristina Novoa. -- HĂĄbitos de lectura para las
competencias en informaciĂłn y alfabetizaciĂłn en informaciĂłn en bibliotecas escolares de
Puerto Rico / Karen Denise Centeno Casillas. -- Repositorios digitales en las bibliotecas
escolares andaluzas: situaciĂłn, modelos y herramientas para su creaciĂłn / Dolores Olmos
Olmos y Andrés Pulido Villar. -- Trabajando las competencias clave con las aventuras de
Mozarito en Extremadura / MarĂa Teresa Carballosa GonzĂĄlez y MarĂa Esther Nieto Vidal. --
AnĂĄlisis de modelos de evaluaciĂłn de la web de la biblioteca escolar / RaĂșl Cremades
GarcĂa. -- EmociĂłnate con las historias: El bosque de las emociones e historias con mucho
teatro / Esther Luis PĂ©rez y Ana MarĂa Peromingo FernĂĄndez. -- Biblioteca escolar de
innovaciĂłn y continuaciĂłn / E. MarĂa Guerrero Palacios y Silvia Mora RamĂrez. -- Uso de
estĂĄndares y licencias para la creaciĂłn y difusiĂłn de contenidos en las bibliotecas
escolares / José Luis Barreiro Cebey. -- La biblioteca escolar digital móvil / Javier
FernĂĄndez Delgado. -- Uso de aplicaciones mĂłviles para el desarrollo de
la competencia lingĂŒĂstica. Proyecto Hansel App Gretel / Dolores Olmos Olmos. -- A memĂłria
e a mediação segundo Vigotski / Leda Maria AraĂșjo, Patricia Celia Santana, Sueli Bortolin
y Leticia Gorri Molina. -- Bibliotecas escolares como tema de estudo dos alunos de
graduação em blioteconomia do Instituto de Ensino Superior da FUNLEC: estado da arte /
Tiago Pereira Nocera y Rodrigo Pereira. -- AçÔes de mediação da leitura e da informação
em bibliotecas escolares: um olhar sobre as bibliotecas dos Colégios de Aplicação /
Tatyanne Christina Gonçalves Ferreira Valdez y Alberto Calil JĂșnior. -- Mediação
pedagĂłgica numa biblioteca de escola pĂșblica em Londrina / Rovilson JosĂ© da Silva, Teba
Silva Yllana y Sueli Bortolin. -- Utilização de categorias por cores em sistema de
biblioteca voltado ao pĂșblico infanto-juvenil / Liliana Giusti Serra. -- Atividades de
ensino dos atos de leitura com crianças em risco social / Adriana Naomi Fukushima da Silva
y Dagoberto Buim Arena. -- Biblioteca escolar: espaço de significados entre
alunos, professores e bibliotecĂĄrios / Rodrigo Barbosa Paulo, Marisa Xavier, Helen Castro
Casarin y Creuza Barbaroto. -- A Biblioteca Escolar no Contexto da Legislação e
do Processo Educativo / Eliane Lourdes da Silva Moro, Francisca Rosaline Leite Mota y
Raimundo Martins de Lima. -- O jornal impresso como fonte de informação: a importùncia da
formação de leitores crĂticos / Mariana PĂcaro Cerigatto. -- Bibliotecas escolares no
estado do Rio Grande do Sul: a trajetĂłria de realização dos fĂłruns gaĂșchos pela melhoria
das bibliotecas escolares / Eliane Lourdes da Silva Moro y Lizandra Brasil Estabel. -- O
acesso Ă informação dos usuĂĄrios surdos na biblioteca escolar / AndrĂ© LuĂs OnĂłrio
Coneglian y Mayara Melo Santana. -- Aprendizagem coletiva de bibliotecĂĄrios e a
competĂȘncia de pesquisa dos docentes: o caso do Instituto Federal do EspĂrito Santo /
Maristela Almeida Mercandeli Rodrigues y Beatriz Quiroz Villardi. -- Biblioteca escolar:
atores, parĂąmetros e competĂȘncias / Mavi Galante Mancera DallÂŽAcqua Carvalho y Claudio
Marcondes de Castro Filho. -- Estratégias de aprendizagem de escrita no
Ensino Fundamental II / Ărika Christina Kohle. -- BebĂȘs e livros: leitura nas bebetecas.
Kenia Adriana de Aquino Modesto Silva, Juliane Francischeti Martins Motoyama y Renata
Junqueira de Souza. -- Pråticas alternativas para organização de acervos nos espaços de
leitura em ambientes escolares / Luciana Souza Gracioso, Ariovaldo Alves,
DĂ©bora Nascimento, Suelen Redondo, Tainara Torika Kiri de Castro, Elizabete Angelon y
Eduardo Barbosa. -- ReflexÔes sobre a modelagem e criação de uma Rede Virtual de Leitores
para Bibliotecas Escolares / Carla Floriana Martins y Raoni Guerra RajĂŁo. -- Biblioteca
escolar: espaço de formação leitora? / Silvana Ferreira de Souza Balsan y Renata
Junqueira de Souza. -- âSe a Biblioteca Escolar Ă© minha mĂŁe, o Google Ă© meu paiâ:
representaçÔes da relação entre Biblioteca Escolar e Google no imaginårio de
alunos do ensino técnico / Adriana Bogliolo Sirihal-Duarte, Maria L. Amorim Antunes y
Raquel Miranda Vilela Paiva. -- Desafios e propostas para a universalização das
bibliotecas escolares no Brasil e na Espanha / Rodrigo Pereira, Daniela Spudeit y Fernanda
de Sales. -- Bibliotecårio educador: possibilidades de atuação no contexto da biblioteca
escolar / André Carlos da Silva, Valéria Martin Valls y Mariana de Paula Silva. -- Uma ONG
para Bibliotecas Escolares : estratégia para ampliar a igualdade e capacidade de acesso
e uso da informação e educação escolar de qualidade / Suelen Camilo Ferreira y Luciana de
Souza Gracioso. -- O aluno com deficĂȘncia: o papel do bibliotecĂĄrio na disponibilidade de
recursos acessĂveis na biblioteca escolar / Adriano de Sales Coelho, Rosilene de Melo
Oliveira y Marcos Pastana Santos. -- Biblioteca digital virtual e o uso do tablete: uma
possibilidade de construção de novas pråticas de leitura na escola / Barbara Cibelli da
Silva Monteagudo y Dagoberto Buim Arena. -- A importùncia da biblioteca na educação de
crianças de 0 a 3 anos / Yngrid Karolline Mendonça Costa y Cyntia Graziella Guizelim
SimÔes Girotto. -- Comportamento Informacional de adolescentes: a relação com bibliotecas
e escolas / Nelson Sebastian Silva-Jerez y Helen de Castro S. Casarin
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%â18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost
Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries
Abstract
Background
Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.
Methods
This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and lowâmiddle-income countries.
Results
In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of âsingle-useâ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for lowâmiddle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.
Conclusion
This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both highâ and lowâmiddleâincome countries
Estimating population size in wastewater-based epidemiology. Valencia metropolitan area as a case study
Wastewater can provide a wealth of epidemiologic data on common drugs consumed and on health and nutritional problems based on the biomarkers excreted into community sewage systems. One of the biggest uncertainties of these studies is the estimation of the number of inhabitants served by the treatment plants. Twelve human urine biomarkers â5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), acesulfame, atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine, codeine, cotinine, creatinine, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), naproxen, salicylic acid (SA) and hydroxycotinine (OHCOT)â were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCâMS/MS) to estimate population size. The results reveal that populations calculated from cotinine, 5-HIAA and caffeine are commonly in agreement with those calculated by the hydrochemical parameters. Creatinine is too unstable to be applicable. HCTZ, naproxen, codeine, OHCOT and carbamazepine, under or overestimate the population compared to the hydrochemical population estimates but showed constant results through the weekdays. The consumption of cannabis, cocaine, heroin and bufotenine in Valencia was estimated for a week using different population calculations.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) through the project CGL2015-64454-C2-1-R and the University of Valencia through the project UV-INV-AE15-348995. M. JesĂșs AndrĂ©s-Costa also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for her FPI grant.Peer reviewe
Metabolic profiling and toxicity of new psychoactive substances in a coastal wetland microcosms
Trabajo presentado en el 14th annual LC/MS/MS Workshop on Environmental Applications and Food Safety, celebrado en Barcelona (España) del 26 al 27 de junio de 2018New psychoactive substances (NPS) include those that were not listed in the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or in the 1971, United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances and that are not controlled by legislation yet. The phenomenon of NPS is dynamic because the uncontrolled recreational drugs proliferating in number and variety. A total of 100 NPS were officially notified for the first time in the EU in 2015 through the EWS (Early Warning System), enlarging the total number of NPS monitored by EMCDDA
to 560 â more than twice the number of drugs controlled under the international drug control conventions (EMCDDA, 2016). NPS are an unknown threat to the environmental since nothing is now about their (bio)degradation or the nature and hazard of these degradation products.
This study was aimed at determining the potential for aerobic biodegradation as well as the main transformation products of bufotenine and 4-methoxyphencyclidine in a coastal wetland system. The specific objectives of this study were (i) to apply developed methodologies in water analysis (surface water), (ii) to estimate the bio- and photodegradation and transformation of the stereoisomers of selected NPS in surface water, and (iii) to evaluate the toxicity of these NPS at different trophic levels by in-silico and in-vivo studies. The two selected
NPS were previously detected in Turia River basin (AndrĂ©s-Costa et al., 2017). The surface water sample was collected from lâAlbufera Natural Park that is a coastal lagoon feed by this river. The applied analytical methodology was developed in previous studies (AndrĂ©s-Costa et al., 2017).
LâAlbufera water microcosm experiments were conducted in the light (L) and dark (D) conditions (to study photochemical processes) and biotic (B) or abiotic (A) conditions with or without sodium azide, respectively (as an inhibitor to microbiological processes). Light conditions were simulated with an Osram 400 W HQI BT daylight lamp during 8 h each day and dark conditions covering up the flask with foil completely. The experiment was carried out for 16 days and samples were taken daily. Toxicity tests were carried out in Daphnia magna (acute 48 h immobilization assay) following the standard operational procedure in accordance
to the ISO standard 6341:2012 and the OECD 202 guideline.
Lake simulating microcosms revealed that degradation of both NPS takes place via photochemical reactions (mostly hydroxylation). The toxicity tests show no short-term environmental risk might be expected at detected concentrations of NPS in environmental water samples. However, long-term effects have still to be assessed.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) through the project, CGL2015-64454-C2-1-R.Peer reviewe
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